# Section16.2Extremal Set Theory¶ permalink

Let $n$ be a positive integer and let $[n]=1,2,\dots,n\text{.}$ In this section, we consider problems having the following general form: What is the maximum size of a family of subsets of $[n]$ when the family is required to satisfy certain properties.

Here is an elementary example.

##### Example16.6

The maximum size of a family $\cgF$ of subsets of $[n]\text{,}$ with $A\cap B\neq\emptyset$ for all $A,B\in\cgF\text{,}$ is $2^{n-1}\text{.}$

For the lower bound, consider the family $\cgF$ of all subsets of $[n]$ that contain $1\text{.}$ Clearly this family has $2^{n-1}$ elements and any two sets in the family have non-empty intersection.

For the upper bound, let $\cgF$ be a family of subsets with each pair of sets in $\cgF$ having non-empty intersection. Then whenever a subset $S$ is a member of $\cgF\text{,}$ the complement $S'$ of $S$ cannot belong to $\cgF\text{.}$ Since the entire family of all $2^n$ subsets of $[n]$ can be considered as $2^{n-1}$ complementary pairs, and at most one set from each pair can belong to $\cgF\text{,}$ we conclude that $|\cgF|\le 2^{n-1}\text{.}$

As a second example, we can revisit Sperner's Theorem from Chapter 6 and restate the result as follows.

##### Example16.7

The maximum size of a family $\cgF$ of subsets of $[n]$ subject to the constraint that when $A$ and $B$ are distinct sets in $\cgF\text{,}$ then neither is a subset of the other, is $\binom{n}{\lfloor n/2\rfloor}\text{.}$

It is worth noting that in Example 16.7, there is a very small number (one or two) of extremal families, i.e., when $\cgF$ is a family of subsets of $[n]\text{,}$ $|\cgF|= \binom{n}{\lfloor n/2\rfloor}\text{,}$ and no set in $\cgF$ is a proper subset of another, then either $\cgF=\{S\subseteq[n]: |S|=\lfloor n/2\rfloor\}$ or $\cgF=\{S\subseteq[n]: |S|=\lceil n/2\rceil\}\text{.}$ And of course, when $n$ is even, these are exactly the same family.

On the other hand, for Example 16.6, there are many extremal families, since for every complementary pair of sets, either member can be selected.

We close this brief tasting of extremal set theory with a real classic.